Format: Paper presentations with discussion
Convenors:
Prof. Amarjiva Lochan, Dept of History, University of Delhi, Delhi, India, amarjiva@history.du.ac.in
Dr Muhammad Ilyas Bhatti, Head, Dept of Tourism and Hospitality, Foundation University, New Lalazar, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, m.ilyas@fui.edu.pk
Asia has been an entrepôt of tradition and continuity since time immemorial. Be it the third millennium BC India (the pre-Harappan Mehrgarh culture) or second millennium BCE China (Shang dynasty known for their advances in math, astronomy, and artwork) or the second-first millennium BC Southeast Asia (Ban Chiang of Thailand and Dong Son cultures of Vietnam featuring high-quality bronze culture), Asian communities have displayed both continuity and frequent innovations and changes in the socio-cultural behaviour of the peoples. Festivities and rituals reflect this phenomenon in all major cultures of Asia. The same is true for the expansion of mind and philosophy. The icons discovered in the Harappan civilisation depicting the pose of meditation became yoga and enriched the genre of yogic postures. Experimenting minds refined the elegant bronze artifices in China without losing the fervour of the ‘beginners’ (using piece moulds rather than the lost wax method). This process of change and continuity, however, reflects other directions too. The decay of tangible and intangible heritage is also sadly noticeable. There are attempts to protect ancient cultures, customs and legacies. This panel intends to delve into this amalgamation of continuity and innovation in the sociocultural fabric of Asia’s past, as well as the loss of cultural traits.
Papers:
The Continuity of Buddhist Music Traditions in The Classical Music of Thailand
Pasuk Waeosri, Ph.D. Scholar, Dept of Music, University of Delhi, India
Music has been an integral part of Thai society throughout the ages. Thai cultural heritage, deeply rooted in Theravada Buddhism, regards music as an essential medium for religious devotion, particularly within Buddhist rites. Compositions such as Sadhukarn refers to honouring the Triple Gems; Rub Phra and Song Phra signify the advent and return to the temple of monks, and Ching Phra Chan accompanies them during their midday meal. As well as in the Maha Chat sermon, Pi-Phat Maha Chat ensemble expresses the thematic essence of each chapter in the Jataka tale. Some compositions were specifically created for ceremonial functions, while others were integrated over time, layering the tradition with meaning and continuity. In the era of Chakri dynasty (1782–present), Lao Siang Tian song was adapted with lyrics extolling the virtues of the Buddha, including HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn, created a novel way of syncretism as evident in Tub Phra Keaw to honour the Emerald Buddha. Contemporary Thai musicians and scholars continue this legacy, composing works that embody Buddhist philosophy, such as Middle Path and Three Types of Lotuses. These musical compositions elevate the profound interconnection between Thai music and Buddhist cultural practices in Thailand.
Flutes in Ancient Ascetic Practices at Mount Watukaru Bali: A Symbolic Analysis in the Context of Wisdom and Healing
Dr Ni Kadek Surpi, Hindu State University of I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa, Denpasar, Bali
Ni Putu Widyastuti, Hindu State University of I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa, Denpasar, Bali
Jyothi Devi Krishnanandayani, Institute of Arts, Denpasar, Bali
The flute, as a traditional musical instrument, is not only used for aesthetic purposes in rituals, but also has deep meanings associated with the spiritual teachings of the Balinese people. This research aims to explore how the flute functions as a symbol of wisdom, enlightenment, and healing in the ascetic tradition at Mount Watukaru, as well as a spiritual weapon that connects humans with the supernatural world.
This research methodology uses a qualitative approach with literature studies, direct observation of ascetic practices, and interviews with religious leaders and spiritual practitioners in Bali. Symbolic analysis was conducted to understand the relationship between the sound of the flute and the concepts of wisdom, harmony and healing in Balinese Hindu tradition. The research also explored the role of flutes in maintaining the balance of the universe as well as in the process of spiritual transformation of individuals who perform asceticism.
The results show that the flute at Mount Watukaru has a function that is more than just a musical instrument. Its sound is believed to harmonise spiritual energy, connect people with the gods, and cure physical and mental illnesses. The flute also serves as a tool to direct meditation, inner enlightenment and harmony with the universe. This research provides new insights into the symbolic dimensions of musical instruments in Balinese spiritual practices and their relevance in maintaining the balance of life.
Buddhist Wat Complex in Thai Society: An Anthropological Study in its Social Role vis à vis Modernity
Prof. Amarjiva Lochan, History Dept, University of Delhi, India
Thai Buddhist Temples (known as Wat) have long been known as the premises of performance of rituals and Jataka tales, serving as the abode for both religious and communal spaces by hosting a range of events, such as Buddhist ordination ceremonies (Pabbajja), merit-making rituals, and Buddhist festivals. They also hold social gatherings to honour the ancestors and conduct rituals for local guardian spirits. However, in recent times, the scenario has seen a sea change with the increase in the use of the Wat complex in promoting international tourism, with cultural shows which involve the participation of people from all faiths. If we may recall, in the 1990s and 2000s, the complexes were converted into a space for car parking. With the honking noise of the vehicles, the Wat complexes now feature rituals, digital displays or hybrid cultural activities, which may be of a non-Buddhist nature. Festivals have become increasingly commercialised, with heavy branding, sponsorships, and consumerism overshadowing traditional aspects. Online rituals being live-streamed, and digital donation systems are now new ‘normal’ in Thai Buddhism. True, the online involvement of Thai diasporic communities has supported the activities, but on the whole, the original fabric of Buddhist practices has been affected and have become grave concerns among the monks’ communities. The touristic tone is disrupting the community life, and also causing harm to the environment. Gone are the days when these complexes used to host the performance of Khon, recitation of the Vessantara Jataka, and Dhamma Talks. The paper explores the factors of such changes which are making the balancing of the nature of the Wat and the modern intervention of digital technology, consumerism, and promotion of trade and intense tourism a difficult task.
The Impact of Temples in Tamil Nadu on Socio-cultural and Environment Perspectives: A Special Reference to the Temple Abathsahyeshwarar, Thukkachi Village, Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr Srinivasan Vasanthi, Deputy Supt. Archaeologist (retd), Former Director Tamil Nadu State Dept of Archaeology, India
Temples are living monuments that often serve as secular sites. Temples serve as centres for religious worship and also as the place for the interplay of past and present in socio-cultural environmental contexts of the region. As sites of heritage and performances, temples connect people to the ideas of place, history, identity, tradition and belonging. The process of recalling everyday rituals, living moments, enactment of oral narratives, anecdotal conversations and festival celebrations are cultural metaphors in understanding the socio-cultural context of a temple across space and time. The narrative dimensions of our responsibilities and relationships contextualises the renovation of the temple and the linkages between the community and infrastructure, thus bridging the gap between intangible cultural traditions and built tangible heritage.
Empowered Voices: Exploring Ancient Women’s Patronage in Aesthetics and Writing Through 3rd Century BCE to 1st Century CE Inscriptions in Sri Lanka
Wickarama Appuhamilage Thushari Mangalika Wickramasingha, Dept of Archaeology, Sir Macus Fernando Mawatha, Colombo, Sri Lanka
This study explores the patronage and contributions of ancient Sri Lankan women to aesthetics and writing from the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century CE. Drawing from epigraphic evidence, the research highlights women’s pivotal role in shaping early Sri Lankan society’s artistic and literary heritage. Inscriptions such as the Sasseruwa cave Inscription, which mentions women associated with dance, and the Hungamalagama Bhakmeedeniya Cave Inscription, recording a female scribe named Tissa, reveal the active participation of women in cultural endeavours.
The study also examines the socio-cultural context, where women enjoyed significant freedoms, including land ownership, monastic benefaction, and access to education. These findings underscore their roles as patrons and practitioners in art, literature, and religious life. Evidence from related civilisations, such as Greece and the Indus Valley, provides comparative insights into the universality of women’s engagement in aesthetics.
This research sheds light on the nuanced and often overlooked contributions of women to the cultural fabric of ancient Sri Lanka, demonstrating their empowerment and influence. The study emphasises the need for a broader acknowledgment of their roles in fostering and preserving aesthetic and literary traditions, offering new perspectives on gender dynamics in early historical contexts.
Unveiling the Significance of Hero Stones in Tamil Nadu
Dr Rajalakshmi Arunagiri, Assistant Prof., Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, India
Hero stones have been an integral part of Tamil Nadu’s cultural landscape since ancient times. These monuments, erected to honour warriors who died heroic deaths, offer valuable insights into Tamil history, culture and traditions. This essay explores the significance of hero stones in Tamil Nadu, examining their history, cultural importance, and continued relevance.
Through an analysis of archaeological findings, Sangam literature, and epigraphic records, this research sheds light on the evolution and significance of hero stones. The study reveals that hero stones were not only erected to commemorate warriors but also to honour war roosters and cowherds who risked their lives to protect their cattle.
The essay also delves into the cultural practices surrounding hero stones, including their worship as deities and the benefits associated with their daily worship. By examining the significance of hero stones, this research aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of Tamil Nadu’s rich cultural heritage.
Cultural Erosion in the Kalash Community in Pakistan: The Impact of Modernisation and Religious Conversion
Dr Muhammad Ilyas Bhatti, Head, Dept of Tourism and Hospitality, Foundation University, New Lalazar, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
The Kalash community, an Indigenous group residing in the remote valleys of Chitral in northern Pakistan, has long been admired for its unique culture, customs, and religion. Isolated for centuries from the surrounding Muslim-majority population, the Kalash people have maintained a distinct identity, characterised by their polytheistic beliefs, unique language, vibrant festivals, and intricate social structures. However, the rapid forces of modernisation and the pressures of religious conversion are slowly eroding these cultural practices, posing serious threats to the survival of their heritage. This article examines the factors contributing to the cultural erosion of the Kalash community, focusing on the impact of modernisation and religious conversion, and highlights the challenges they face in preserving their distinct way of life. The Kalash people are estimated to number around 4,000 to 5,000 individuals, inhabiting three main valleys: Bumburet, Rumbur, and Birir. They are known for their animistic beliefs, where nature is revered, and their festivals, such as the Chilim Jusht and the Uchau, are an essential part of their identity.
The Jaulian Monastery: Archaeological Insights into Buddhist Monastic Life in Taxila
Bushra Noureen, Independent Researcher
The Jaulian Monastery, located in the ancient city of Taxila in modern-day Pakistan, stands as a significant archaeological and historical site, offering valuable insights into the cultural, religious, and architectural developments of the Gandhara region. Dating back to the 2nd century CE, the monastery is a remarkable example of Buddhist monastic life, reflecting the integration of Greco-Roman and local artistic traditions. Excavations have revealed a complex of meditation cells, stupas, frescoes, and inscriptions, providing evidence of the influence of Buddhist teachings and practices. This article explores the historical and architectural significance of Jaulian Monastery, highlighting its role as a centre for monastic education and its connection to the broader religious and cultural landscape of Gandhara. Additionally, it discusses the preservation challenges faced by the site and its importance as a key asset in understanding the spread of Buddhism across Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent.
Rituals of Transition: Understanding Death Rites and Their Socio-Cultural Evolution in India
Dr Ratnpriya Singh, Dept of History, School of Liberal Arts & Humanities, Woxsen University
Rituals serve as symbolic acts that allow individuals and communities to articulate thoughts and emotions surrounding life’s most significant transitions. Among these, death rituals hold particular importance, helping mourners acknowledge the reality of loss, while providing a testimony to the life of the deceased. As cultural constructs, funerary rites encourage the expression of grief within the framework of a community’s values and social fabric. These rituals not only offer emotional and social support to the bereaved but also enable families to embrace cultural beliefs about life, death, and continuity, offering hope for the living. This paper seeks to examine the death rituals of Ancient India, with a focus on the concept of ācāra (manner or proper conduct), which underscored the importance of ritualistic precision in ensuring the deceased’s favourable afterlife and sustaining communal harmony. By delving into the symbolic and practical dimensions of these rituals, the study highlights how they reflect and reinforce broader socio-cultural ideologies. Furthermore, it explores the evolution and renegotiation of these rites from ancient to contemporary times, analysing how changing socio-cultural milieus have influenced the continuity and adaptation of these traditions.
Custodians of Heritage: Folk Culture’s Role in Sustaining Collective Memory through Rituals and Beliefs in Ancient India
Santosh Kumar Yadav, School of Liberal and Creative Arts (Social Sciences and Languages), Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
This study explores the important role of folk culture in maintaining and disseminating collective memory through traditional rituals, beliefs, and practices in India through the ages. Folk culture is rooted in the oral history and knowledge systems of Indigenous peoples in diverse communities. It serves as a dynamic repository of shared identities and people’s historical consciousness. The study examines how rituals and belief systems, embedded in everyday life, foster continuity between past and present, ensuring the survival of cultural heritage amidst modernity’s/modernistic disruptions. Case studies from various regions and the distinct period of the ancient era highlight the interplay of mythology, performance, and craftsmanship in articulating community values and historical narratives. The proposed study also gives attention to the transformative role of these practices in adapting to social changes while retaining core cultural values, from one region to another as well as from one period to another. Adopting a multidisciplinary approach, the research integrates perspectives from anthropology, history, and cultural studies to illuminate the mechanisms through which folk culture safeguarded intangible heritage. This study suggests the integration of traditional knowledge into a contemporary heritage conservation framework and emphasises its significance in fostering sustainable cultural resilience.
Ritual Jades of Sanxingdui: Unveiling the Cross-cultural Interaction and Innovative Integration of Chinese Bronze Age Civilisations
Wanlu Fu, School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, China
Hao Lu, History School, Beijing Normal University, China
Sanxingdui jades exemplify the dynamic synthesis of Bronze Age Asian cultures through their ritual symbolism and technological adaptability. As sacred mediators, they encode cosmological hierarchies via mountain worship and sacred tree motifs, reflecting spiritual dialogues between heaven, earth, and humanity. While integrating technical traditions from the Central Plains (Erlitou and Yinxu Tomb), Yangtze River (Liangzhu), and Northwest China (Qijia), these artefacts demonstrate selective cultural assimilation between the Yangtze and Yellow River Basins. Ritual practices like burning jades and combining them with bronze vessels (e.g., jade zao chisels in bronze lei ampulla) mirror Shang-Zhou ceremonial systems. The decline of zhang blades in the Central Plains contrasted with their ritual prominence in Sichuan, while innovations like tree-patterned cong tube epitomised cultural reinvention. Sanxingdui craftsmanship retains late Neolithic techniques, while incorporating local innovations, adapting to environmental and resource constraints. Their sacred status, enhanced by jade’s rarity, durability and aesthetic appeal, transformed borrowed symbols into enduring identity markers, matching contemporaneous bronze artefacts in symbolic potency. As both a cultural nucleus and transcultural catalyst, Sanxingdui jades document the negotiation between regional traditions and civilisational integration, preserving Chinese spiritual DNA in jade culture, while reflecting the localised practices in changing faces of Asian cultures.