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Creating and Implementing National Repatriation policy

Timothy Mckeown and Barbara Isaac

The symposium will present an overview of national and international approaches effecting the repatriation of Human remains and funerary objects. The passage and implementation of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act in the United States provides a central case study with which other approaches are compared and contrasted.

papers:
Author 1 Author 2 Title
Isaac Meeting the Challenge of Repatriation: the Peabody Museum at Harvard
Joyce NAGPRA and Repatriation in the United States
Lee Policy Approaches to Repatriation in Canada – Where We Are in 1999 s113lxx
Lovis et al Archaeological Perspectives on the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act; Underlying Principles S113lvs1
McKeown Implementing a “True Compromise:” The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
Simpson Repatriation: attitudes and policies in UK museums.
Sjovold Handling claims for repatriation and reburial of human remains in the Nordic Countries

Body and Soul, Specimen and Commodity: meaning, interpretation and treatment of human remains and funerary objects

Jane Hubert, Department of Psychiatry of Disability, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, UK. Tel: +44 181 725 5504, Fax: +44 171 383 2572, email: jhubert@sghms.ac.uk.
Ben Rhodd, Box 846, Hill City, SD 57745, USA. Fax: +1 605 538 4315

The aim of this symposium is to examine the different meanings and significance that have been attributed to human remains and funerary objects, now and in the past, by different cultures or groups, including indigenous people, archaeologists, museum curators and scientists. Topics of relevance to this symposium include:

different beliefs, attitudes, treatment and uses of human remains and funerary objects
the social, economic and political consequences of conflicting beliefs
how and why beliefs change over time
people as objects, objects as people
boundaries between life and death
the compatibility or otherwise of scientific and non-scientific interests.
Past and present social perspectives on medical uses of the dead (dissection, organ donation, etc.)
The body of the ‘other’ in the history of dissection
rights of the dead and claims on the body
ownership of the dead

papers:
Author 1 Author 2 Title
Ako Ebot Definitions of Death
Ako-Ebot On the dead and their possessions: variety and change in practice and belief
Bondarev Attitude to human remains among the Kanuri: beliefs changing over time.
Fortibui Cultural Importance of Reburial and Reclamation of Human Skeletal Remains in Some Ethnic Groups in the Western Grassfields
Rollo-Koster Commemorating the Dead. A New Regard on the Late Middle Ages
Schanche Sami burials from prehistoric to Medieval times: Transformation of a religious cosmology?

Repatriation and its Implications

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Cressida Fforde, Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-34 Gordon Square, London WC1H OPY. Tel: +44 171 380 7496, Fax: +44 171 383 2572, email: CressidaFf@compuserve.com.

Lyndon Ormond Parker, FAIRA Aboriginal Corporation, +44 171 460 7280, Fax+ 44 171 373 4416, email: lyndon@faira.demon.co.uk

Deanne Hanchant, 1251 Greenhill Road, URAIDLA, South Australia 5152, Australia. Fax: +61 8 8207 3124, email: deanneha@tafe.sa.edu.au

This symposium is concerned with the repatriation of human remains and funerary objects to their communities of origin. It will examine the effects and implications that the return of such items have on the various groups involved, such as the communities concerned, museum curators, archaeologists and anthropologists. Topics of relevance include:

the effect and significance of repatriation for indigenous communities
the significance of repatriation for the relationship between and within the scientific and indigenous communities
the significance of repatriation for relevant government organisations and their relationship with the scientific and indigenous communities
the effect or otherwise of repatriation on scientific research
the implications of repatriation for the relationship between archaeological theory, research methods and politics
the relationship between the repatriation issue and the construction of identity(ies)
indigenous community issues arising from repatriation
the effect of the repatriation issue on collecting policies and collecting institutions

papers:
Author 1 Author 2 Title
Aird Developments in the repatriation of human remains and other cultural items in Queensland
Fish “Ndi nnyi ane a do dzhia marambo?” Who will take the Bones? The Matoks Archaeological Project.
Grist READY OR NOT READY TO SHAKE THE PILLARS?
Halealoha Ayau Repatriation of Native Hawaiian Skeletal Remains: The Contemporary Importance of Restoring the Ancestral Foundation
Hanchant Australia’s Skeletal Provenancing Project – An archival Researcher’s Point of View
Hunter Current Indigenous concerns regarding skeletal material: the Blanchtown excavation.
johnson “A wake-up call for the Chugach people”: the long-term effects of the Valdez Exxon oil spill.
Nagar Bone reburial in Israel – the law’s restriction and methodological applications
Nemaheni A CASE STUDY ON THE REBURIAL OF HUMAN REMAINS AT THULAMELA IN THE FAR NORTHERN PART OF THE KRUGER NATIONAL PARK
Thornton Repatriation as Healing the Trauma of History

Collecting, Collections and the Development of the ‘Reburial Issue’

Paul Turnbull, Centre for Cross Cultural Research, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia. Fax: +61 2 6249 4196, email: paul.turnbull@anu.edu.au

Larry J Zimmerman, Department of Anthropology, 114 Macbride Hall, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 – 1322, USA. Tel: +1 319 335 3506, Fax: +1 319 335 0653, email: larry-zimmerman@uiowa.edu

Audhild Schanche, Council of Sámi Heritage, P.O. 103, 9820 Varangerbotn, Norway. Tel. +47 78 959 180, email: as@samediggi.no

Part 1: Collections and Collecting in the Past and the Present.

The aim of Part 1 is to examine the history of collecting and collections, contemporary attitudes of the scientific and non-scientific community, and how these have changed over time. Topics of relevance include:

the history of collecting and collections of human remains
physical anthropology, anatomy, comparative anatomy, phrenology and other practices in the context of the collecting and study of human remains.
motivations and methods
contemporary responses of indigenous and non-indigenous groups to the collecting of human remains
the implications of scientific interpretations of collected human remains

Part 2: The Development of the ‘Reburial Issue’

The aim of Part 2 is to examine the development of the reburial debate and the emergence of the repatriation issue. Topics of relevance include:

history of the reburial issue
political, social and religious aspects of claims to ownership
issues concerning the repatriation of non-indigenous human remains
repatriation of human remains as a local and/or pan-indigenous concern

papers:
Author 1 Author 2 Title
Barbosa La Repatriacion de Vaimaca Piru (Un Viaje Aun Sin Retorno)
Cox Post Reformation England: reconciling the needs of archaeological sciences with respect for rights of the dead.
Liberty Kenniwick Man Was Not Alone ! Or Corps Confusion in Columbia Park! A “toned down” position paper
Luz Endere Repatriation Rights in Argentina: A Growing Conflict
Muringaniza Heritage that hurts: The case of the grave of Cecil John Rhodes in the Matopos National Park, Zimbabwe.
Sellevold Skeletal Remains of the Norwegian Saami S082sll1
Thornton Anyon History of the Repatriation Movement in the United States
Turnbull Legally Acquired? Australain Ancestral remains, Museums of the Colonial Era and Native Title.

African American Archaeology

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Tom Wheaton and John Mcarthy

This symposium is intended as an introduction of African-American archaeology to the international community. It presents a cross section of the types of research being conducted, and explores some of the questions we are dealing with that go beyond artifacts and features, and into why we are doing what we are doing, and how to make our research relevant to non-archaeologist African Americans and to the general public. The sub-field of African-American archaeology is relatively new. Until the late 1970s, the number of projects touching on African-American archaeology could be counted on the fingers of two hands. Because of federal government regulations that required that all sites be dealt with, not just those traditionally considered to be significant, there was a boom in the study of non-traditional site types, not the least of which was African-American sites. Joe Joseph discusses this trend in his paper, but notes that current cultural resource management (government regulation compliance archaeology or CRM) dealing with the diaspora lacks focus, and he projects what he sees as the future role of CRM in African-American studies.

The next five papers discuss issues of culture change, continuity and resistance among slaves and freedmen at specific sites in the United States and Canada. Garrett Fesler presents the results of several years of research at a single late seventeenth to late nineteenth-century slave village in Virginia that has implications for the study of slavery in the Chesapeake region. Tom Wheaton presents data from three early eighteenth to early nineteenth century slave quarters in South Carolina showing a century of culture change. Ken Brown presents some surprising data and conclusions from a nineteenth-century Texas plantation illustrating belief systems and possible African connections. John McCarthy explores possible African continuities in the use of everyday items in antebellum African-American burials in Philadelphia. Karolyn Smardz approaches the question of resistance to slavery and racial discrimination through the study of a fugitive slave site in Canada that played a prominent role in Toronto’s history.

Synthetic studies have not been common in African-American archaeology, due in large part to the recent and rapid growth of the sub-field. Shannon Dawdy presents an attempt at such a synthesis while illustrating the impacts of French, Spanish and English cultures and systems of slavery on the creolization of African Americans in Louisiana. The last two papers present non-traditional approaches to African-American archaeology, or more properly to the use of African-American archaeology. Carol McDavid discusses the use of the Internet to create new dialogues about archaeological “truth” between black and white descendants of the same plantation (and between archaeologists and publics more generally) in hopes that archaeological knowledge may act as a catalyst for community collaboration and reform. Anna Agbe-Davies examines the implications of African-American archaeology for the current discussion of race relations in the United States, as well as the increasing role of African Americans in archaeological research. These two papers are particularly pertinent given President Clinton’s emphasis on promoting a national dialogue on race.

papers:
Author 1 Author 2 Title
Agbe-Davies The legacy of ‘race’ in African-American archaeology: A silk purse from a wolf’s ear?
Brown Barnes An African village in a microcosm: the archaeology of spirituality in an African-American Tenant community
Lee Dawdy Contrasts at the crossroads: African-American archaeology in Louisiana
McCarthy African-Influenced burial practices and sociocultural identity in Antebellum Philadelphia s074mcc1
McDavid Contemporary conversations about the archaeology of slavery and tenancy: Collaboration, descendants, and computers
Smardz Archaeology of the African Diaspora in Canada
Wheaton Yaughan and Curriboo: A century of African-American culture change

Links Related to this Symposium:

Http://www.webarchaeology.com (Discussed in Carol McDavids Paper)

Archaeology, Indigenous Land rights and settler societies into the 21st Century

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Ian Lilley

This symposium will consider where archaeological theory and practice are heading in the settler societies of Australia, Canada and New Zealand with the realisation of native title/indigenous land rights. In all three nations, archaeologists have been closely involved with land rights issues in various capacities. There has only been limited opportunity to compare and contrast the relationships between archaeological practice and land rights in each country, however, or indeed between settler societies and other societies with different sorts of histories. Speakers will include indigenous and non-indigenous scholars who will address a variety of conceptual and practical questions.

papers:
Author 1 Author 2 Title
Adds Maori heritage
Bradshaw Trains, Planes and Automobiles: Iron Ore Mining and Archaeology.
Fullagar Archaeology and native title in Australia; National and local perspectives compared
Klimko Wright Old Rocks and Hard place: Archaeology and land Claims/treaty in British Columbia
Lilley Archaeology, Land rights and settler societies: an introduction to the general problems
McDonald Rock Art, ethnicity and Native Title
Murray Mythology versus science? Archaeology and the human history of Australia
Nicholas Indigenous land rights, education and archaeology in Canada/ postcolonial perspectives by a non-Canadian white guy
Prins The Archaeological Colonisation of the Southern San
Rainbird The non-use of archaeology in Chamoro Land rights: a comparison with Aboriginal Australia s044rnb1
Williams The importance of cultural integrity and management in Archaeological research

Archaeology and the left

Yannis Hamilikis and Mark Pluciennik
Department of Archaeology
University of Wales
Lampter

The relationships between archaeology and the political left have always been varied, from directly Marxist-inspired analyses of ‘history as class struggle’ and the development of productive forces, to more abstract uses of the concepts of modes of production, ideology and neo-Marxist structural-Marxism, for example. Another strand derives from critical theory and has tended to concentrate on awareness of the conditions of the production of knowledge and contributed to the critique of colonialism and imperialism, though often being less critical of nationalism. Arguably ‘left wing’ theories, including those of Marxism have become so diffuse or themselves appropriated into other frameworks that little sense remains of a coherent critique or program left within archaeology or archaeological politics, at least as far as much of northern Europe and North America are concerned. We suspect that the position may be different in areas where different traditions and conditions, such as South America, Africa southern and Eastern Europe, for example, and are especially interested in linking with contributors from these areas.

We are interested in exploring what place Marxist or other approaches from the left may have within archaeology, whether the supposed ‘new world order’ obviates the need for such theories or alternatively makes their role of critique more urgent than ever. Should there be attempts to produce new programmatic international statements, or should the fragmentation of theory and the plurality of approaches be welcomed? What should the relationship be within archaeologies of say Marxism and feminism? Is the very ideas of the Left within archaeology meaningless.

papers:
Author 1 Author 2 Title
Boyd The Palestine Sites & Monuments Record Project reclaiming Palestine history
Carman ARCHAEOLOGY IN INSURRECTION AGAINST ITSELF: anarchism and archaeological heritage management
Hamilakis The Archaeologist as Intellectual in Postmodernity
Kintz Radical Archaeology as Dissent
Kitchen Human Rights and WAC in perspective

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Convenors

Kofi Agorsah, Ph.D
Black Studies Program
Portland State University

Terrence W. Epperson, Ph.D.

This symposium will provide a global perspective on the archaeology of theAfrican Diaspora, including contributions from scholars working in African,Caribbean, North American, Latin American, and maritime contexts. The centerpiece of this symposium will be a series of papers presenting theresults of ongoing research and analysis of the African Burial Ground in NewYork City, a project that utilizes an explicitly Diasporic and comparative perspective.

Although addressing a wide range of spatial and temporal contexts, this session is united by several basic themes. The participants realize that theinvoluntary migration and subsequent exploitation of African-derived populations throughout the globe was intimately connected with the construction and imposition of “race” as a purportedly natural category andwith the elaboration of Euro-centric and white supremacist historical narratives. Therefore, any politically- and socially-responsive archaeology must constantly challenge these legacies. Although slave traders and slaveholders made every effort strip enslaved Africans and their descendantsof their common humanity and distinctive cultural identities, these efforts were met with sustained cultural and political resistance, some of which was not understood as such by the oppressors. Therefore, African Diaspora archaeology must be particularly sensitive to evidence of subtle, covert formsof resistance. The participants in this session also know that there is no such thing as non-political, value-free archaeology. Practitioners must examine and acknowledge the theoretical assumptions and underpinnings of their research as well as the social and political consequences of that work. The session participants realize that their research exists in a dialecticalrelationship with the concerns and needs of the living descendant communities.They therefore reject the purported disjuncture between research andcontemporary social context and embrace their accountability to the descendantcommunities. Because the African Diaspora was (and continues to be) a globalphenomenon, the contributors to this session realize that no part can be understood in isolation. Therefore, this session is intended to foster ahigher level of understanding, cooperation, and goodwill between Africa Diaspora investigators throughout the world.

papers:
Author 1 Author 2 Title
Agorsah Archaeological implications of African burial systems for reconstructing the heritage of the African Diaspora
Blakey et al Biohistorical approaches to the health and demography of Africans in Colonial times s058blk1
Bredwa-Mensah Archaeology of Slavery In West Africa s058brd
Delle The Baptist church and the making of Free Jamaica
Epperson The global importance of African Diaspora archaeology in the analysis and abolition of whitness s058ppr1
Fomin Slavery artefacts in African history: Case study of the remains of slavery objects and fossils in Cameroon
Haviser African Sites archaeology on Curacao, Netherlands Antilles
Howson Green Medford African agency and colonial practice in the 18th Century British Empire
Mack

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Ideology, politics and national identity

Convenor:Sarah Nelson

papers:
Author 1 Author 2 Title
Ciesielska Social Theory in the traditional archaeology
Ireland Re-imagining a Community: Theoretical issues arising from the social context of Australian historical archaeology.
Lebedev The reflecting archaeology in the move to the limit potential of artefact in Russia on the eve of the third millennium.
Morina Albanian Archaeology After The First World War: Ideology, Politic, And National Identity
Nelson Interpretations of the Archaeology of Manchuria
Rachman Empowerment of small community into Global Era
Sand Archaeology as a Way to a Shared Future in New Caledonia?
Schmidt Culture as Politics in South Africa: From Segregation to Rainbow Nation
Urbanczyk Archaeology as a reflection of political circumstances in post-war Poland

EXPLORING A SHARED PAST IN THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST

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Neil Silberman

This symposium will bring together scholars from Israel, the Palestinian Authority, Jordan, and Lebanon to discuss some of the most pressing challenges facing archaeologists in this region in the coming decades. After more than a half-century of open warfare and intellectual fragmentation between the State of Israel and its neighbors, certain cultural boundaries are falling, even if full political normalization of relations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority remains to be achieved. The formal peace treaties between Israel and Egypt and Jordan offer a legal basis for cooperation in tourism and archaeological administration. In addition the large-scale reconstruction of central Beirut offers a model for urban salvage archaeology-and public interpretation-in coming decades. This symposium will concentrate on several basic themes shared by scholars and professionals in all nations of the region: * Public Administration of Archaeology

* Archaeology and Education
* New Research Methodologies and Strategies
* Presenting the Past to the Public
* Museums and National Consciousness

The program will be divided into two parts: a morning session with the presentation of short, formal papers and an afternoon workshop in which themes brought up by the speakers can be discussed and debated at greater length.

papers:
Author 1 Author 2 Title
Amiry “The protection of cultural heritage in Palestine: The Revitalization of Ramallah old town”
Badre “Urban Archaeology in Beirut: Excavations, Problems and Solutions”
Bikai “Case Studies in the Conservation and Presentation of Archaeological Sites”
Killebrew “Presenting the Past to the Public in Israel: Unrepresented Peoples of the Past”
Malkin “Israel’s identity: between ‘hinterland antiquity’ and ‘Mediterranean reality’”
Marx Steps Toward a Middle Eastern Archaeology: the Case of Israel
Najjar “Departments of Antiquities in the Middle East: New Challenges in the Next Century, Jordan as a Study Case”
Reich The problem of excavating tombs in a multi-religious city”