{"id":6817,"date":"2025-04-24T04:47:08","date_gmt":"2025-04-24T04:47:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/worldarchaeologicalcongress.com\/wac10\/?page_id=6817"},"modified":"2025-04-24T10:20:10","modified_gmt":"2025-04-24T10:20:10","slug":"t03-s04-papers","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/worldarchaeologicalcongress.com\/wac10\/t03-s04-papers\/","title":{"rendered":"T03\/S01: Dialogues in Landscape Archaeology: A Renewed Focus into Human-environmental Interactions and Settlement Patterns from Past People\u2019s Experiences"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Format: Paper presentations<\/strong> with discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Convenors:<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Macham Mangut, Ph.D 
Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, University of Jos
Department of History, Northwestern University
mangutm@unijos.edu.ng<\/a>; macham.mangut@northwestern.edu<\/a>

Bongumenzi Nxumalo, Ph.D 
Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Pretoria 
Department of History, Northwestern University 
Bongumenzi.Nxumalo@up.ac.za<\/a>; bongumenzi.nxumalo@northwestern.edu<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the past couple of decades archaeology has reinvented itself multiple times, integrating new methods and theories, and branching across multiple disciplines and boundaries between the natural and social sciences, as well as the humanities. By constantly moving, it is a dynamic and exciting field. This session will bring together a broad depth of knowledge about the topical, contemporary issues in landscape research practice where past societies interacted, modified and assigned order to their surroundings. Given the above background, this session will explore several topics of current interest (searching for models and methodology) that bridge the gap between landscape archaeology, environmental archaeology and landscape ecology across the globe. The session will be relevant to researchers working in the exploration of regional land use history and settlement patterns, how humans impact the landscape and environment, and how to use these past experiences to model adaptation and future challenges brought by human and natural challenges on landscape. This session will seek to advance the understanding of human-spatial and environmental dynamics to settlement histories, conveying newer perspectives and deeper insights on landscape archaeology. Participants will benefit not only from the information provided by the speakers, and the many different perspectives on landscapes, settlement patterns, climate science and modelling, but also from the exchange of ideas between researchers in the course of the discussion(s).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Papers:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n


Cultural Landscapes as a Heritage Framework:\u00a0Critical Reflections on Heritage Practices in the Upper Mustang in Nepal<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neel Kamal Chapagain, Independent Heritage Professional, Nepal; Professor, Centre for Heritage Management, Ahmedabad University, India <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Himalayan and Trans-Himalayan region have been seen and interpreted as a mysterious, exotic and remote world by explorers. Similarly, researchers have perceived the environment, landscape, history, culture and archaeology\u2014among other elements\u2014of the Himalayas with some exoticism. This has led to a particular heritage construct which leads to a practice that privileges the \u2018experts\u2019 (who are usually non-locals). In the experts\u2019 perspectives, there is usually a need for a welfare approach to heritage matters, including culture and archaeology. However, such approaches have also led to contestations and misappropriations of heritage. This paper will consider the Upper Mustang region in Nepal (northern part of the Mustang district) in the past few decades to understand various interpretations and interventions in the landscape. These reflections will be placed in specific geo-cultural and historical contexts to highlight the process of heritage making, as well as the rationale of conservation initiatives. Though coming from heritage conservation and management thinking, critical reflections on the observations from a trans-Himalayan landscape in Nepal should provoke some engaging questions in the discussion of landscape archaeology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nature-Culture Dichotomies, Indigenous Ontologies and Euro-American Universalism: Reimagining \u2018Rozvi\u2019 Archaeological Landscapes in Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lesley Hatipone Machiridza, Alexander von Humboldt Post-doctoral Fellow, Institute of African Studies and Egyptology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Dept of Development Studies, History and Archaeology, Simon Muzenda School of Arts, Culture and Heritage Great Zimbabwe University, Zimbabwe<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

For millennia, archaeological evidence and \u2018unaltered nature\u2019 (forests, trees, mountains, animals, rocks, stones, caves, rivers and springs) have inspired \u2018sense of place\u2019; yet the latter largely remains marginalised in cultural studies. Since \u2018unaltered nature\u2019 acts like \u2018monuments\u2019 in the minds of people, it should be critically explored in archaeology. Archaeologists should interrogate questions like; how do we access past veiled human-nature relations? How appropriate are our epistemological and methodological approaches in unlocking and accessing complex past connections? How can archaeology exploit decolonial discourses to inspire novel ways of explicating Indigenous identities and landscapes? No doubt, without a rigorous understanding of oral traditions (metaphors, idioms, and various Indigenous communication modes), our approaches shall remain incomplete and problematic. More so, the continued maltreatment of Indigenous narratives as \u2018facts\u2019 and their isolation from nature by the Euro-American academy is a major epistemic atrocity needing urgent redress. Outside of that, archaeology can continue to handle the complex connections between people, space, place, time and materiality. This paper explores these complex issues with special reference to the Rozvi past (1685-1830), deeply entangled with Zimbabwean landscapes and beyond. In particular, attempts are made to explicate the symbolic interactions between Rozvi people, social memory, nature, culture, and materiality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Religious Landscape as Cultural Heritage in Ibadan<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zainab Popoola <\/sup>and Kola Adekola, Dept of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As part of the ongoing efforts at documenting the cultural heritage of Ibadan, a study on the religious landscape was carried out. This research examines the historical and cultural significance of Irefin Palace, the Cathedral Church of St. David, and Ibadan Central Mosque. These sites are integral to the cultural heritage of Ibadan, reflecting its rich history, diverse culture and traditions. The research employed reconnaissance survey with Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping, in-depth interview to identify, document, and digitize the religious landscapes. Weaving the data from the survey with oral history, it highlights the social, cultural, and historical significance of these religious sites. We propose strategies for preservation of the structures\u2014the adoption of integrated urban planning policies, increased community education, and collaborative initiatives among various stakeholders. We also outline the potential of the religious landscapes in Ibadan for sustainable tourism purposes. We submit that the findings from this research can serve as a model for similar studies in other urban contexts, highlighting the role of GIS in preserving cultural and religious landscape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reconnaissance Survey and Cultural Narratives of the Nkunkundah Monolith Site in Nnam, Ikom Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mary Augustine Otu and Caleb A. Folorunso, Dept of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Monoliths, renowned for their intricate carvings and historical relevance, are essential to understanding a region’s cultural heritage. This research explores the Nkunkundah monolith site in Nnam Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria, focusing on its cultural narratives and significance. Utilizing a reconnaissance survey, the physical and cultural landscape of the monoliths was documented, combined with ethnographic methods to capture the site’s oral histories and cultural narratives. Field surveys identified and catalogued over 18 monoliths, with different physical attributes, distribution across space, and associated local traditions. The carvings on the monoliths depicted various symbols and motifs, believed to represent ancestral spirits, historical events, and socio-political hierarchies within the Nnam community. Ethnographic interviews with local elders provided insights into the cultural narratives linked to the monoliths, encompassing myths of origin, tales of ancestral heroism, and accounts of socio-political organization. These narratives reflect the community’s values, beliefs, and historical consciousness, highlighting their importance in preserving its heritage. The research underscores the significance of the Nkunkundah Monolith Site as a cultural heritage site, advocating for its preservation and inclusion in heritage management frameworks. It calls for further interdisciplinary research to explore the broader implications of monolithic cultures in West Africa, contributing to a deeper understanding of the region’s historical and cultural landscape. By documenting and analysing the Nkunkundah Monoliths, this research aims to enhance the appreciation of Nigeria’s rich cultural heritage and promote its conservation for future generations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Calf Creek Foragers in the Ozarks, USA: Mobility, Seasonality, and Cultural Interaction Across Diverse Landscapes<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ethan Mofidi, University of Oklahoma, USA<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Calf Creek archaeological culture spread quickly initially (~200-250 years) throughout the North American Plains in the Middle Archaic (7930-5040 BP). Examples of enigmatically deep basally notched heat-treated bifaces, thought to be atlatl dart points, have been found clustered in the Southern Plains but with far-reaching examples found in what is now North Dakota and Utah. Extensive previous research has enabled the understanding of Calf Creek chronology and lifeways around bison, but some of these patterns are not as applicable in the Ozarks region. This is because the Ozarks region is a riparian woodland environment with rugged terrain unfavourable for bison, resulting in bison remains being found in lower quantities at Ozarks Calf Creek sites. This observation presents a seeming contradiction that is worth investigating. Were people traveling from the Plains to the Ozarks for unknown reasons or were people in the Ozarks travelling to the Plains to hunt bison? The answer to this question and others may be realised by studying the relationships between base camps, rock shelters, and rock art in the Ozarks from a landscape-informed perspective.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Monastic Landscapes: Understanding Past Ecology, Settlement Patterns and Cultural Processes in the South Bihar Plains (600-1300 CE)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sharmistha Chatterjee, Assistant Professor, Dept of History, Srikrishna College, University of Kalyani, India<\/em>
Snehadip Saha, DST Research Fellow, Dept of Archaeology, University of Calcutta, India<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The paper ventures into an uncharted territory by exploring the archaeological landscapes of the Buddhist monastic establishments in the south Bihar plains with reference to the Nalanda Mahavihara complex. Traditional scholarship has relied heavily on textual sources, including Pali, Jaina, and Brahmanical literature, as well as Chinese pilgrimage accounts. This research integrates textual and archaeological sources to understand the landscape ecology of the region, shifting the focus from a site-based approach to a more holistic, environmentally conscious perspective. The Nalanda Mahavihara complex is surrounded by numerous lesser-order monastic and habitation sites that contributed to its sustenance. This study comprises two parts: the first examines the ecological dimensions that enabled the site’s endurance over time. The second part of the study explores the spatial organisation of the site and its hinterland, uncovering patterns based on the study of the ancient settlements. The study not only reveals the endurance of these settlements over time, but also the transformations they underwent, shedding light on the dynamic nature of the region’s landscape. Employing a multidisciplinary approach, the present study attempts to highlight the crucial role of the environment, water management system, agrarian settlements, trade routes, and the religious processes in modifying the nature and context of the Mahavihara complex through time (600-1300 CE). Furthermore, the study reveals the wider connections established across regional boundaries in the South Bihar plains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diversity of Temples in Wetland in South Sumatra, Indonesia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sondang Martini Siregar, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In South Sumatra, temples were found in wetland landscapes. The temples are made of brick and tuff. The problem that arises is the spatial pattern of temples in wetlands. The results of the study show that the spatial pattern of temples in wetlands is that temples are located in lowlands, close to rivers and ponds. Temples are generally oriented towards rivers. Temples do not experience flooding when it rains because they have canals regulating water entry and exit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Indigo Dyeing Stations Within Ancient Settlement Sites: Characteristics and Importance for the Reconstruction of the History of Caravan Trade in Northern Benin<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr Barpougouni Mardjoua, Postdoctoral Researcher, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge<\/em>
Nestor Labiyi, Institut National des M\u00e9tiers d\u2019Arts, d\u2019Arch\u00e9ologie et de la Culture, Universit\u00e9 d’Abomey-Calavi, Benin<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Northern Benin, in some sites of ancient settlements, there are one or more abandoned or active indigo dyeing stations. Their physical characteristics seem to be similar, linked, among other things, to the presence or proximity of rivers or water ponds. The existence of those sites reveals the arrival and settlement of segments of population, such as Traor\u00e9 or Ture, and Kumate, recognised as leading players in the dissemination of knowledge about indigo dyeing work. The study of these sites has made it possible to reconstruct the major role played by this region in the caravan trade through the products it supplied, in particular threads, strips and dyed loincloths. The paper is based on oral data collected from local people and dyers in Banikoara and Nikki between 2018 and 2023. In addition, archaeological test pitting was carried out in two sites with indigo dyeing stations (Niyanpangu-bansu and Nikki-Maro) and artefacts were collected and studied. Charcoals were radiocarbon dated, making it possible to chronologically situate indigo dyeing activity during the caravan trade period. GIS is used to demonstrate the influence of physical data on the choice to settle into a place for a segments of population engaged in dyeing work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Use of Sacred Landscape on Lejja, Iron Working Site, Southeastern Nigeria<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr Chioma Vivian Ngonadi, Dept of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka<\/em>
Dr John Uche Ngonadi, Dept of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka<\/em>
Ms Chiamaka Anita Onyenekwe, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Landscape archaeology studies past people and their relationship to space by looking at the observable modification of their immediate environment across time. This paper presents ethnoarchaeological research on the use of sacred spaces and ritual sites on the Lejja iron-working site, in southeastern Nigeria. Lejja archaeological site is one of the well-known ironworking sites in Nigeria dated to the Second Millennium BC. Using different examples of heritage resources, such as water bodies, village squares, built heritage, domestic and ancestral sites, we intend to address the symbolic and ritual interactions on the landscape concerning slag, potsherds and other archaeological signatures. Emphasis will also be laid on a possible approach to making connections between community values and these sacred landscapes. Most of these sites are currently in use and thus they provide good evidence of a rich ritual and symbolic landscape heritage that may have some antiquity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Changing Cultivation in Waiariki-ki-Tai: A Game Changer?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Caroline Anne Phillips, New Zealand<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Studies over the last nine years in Waiariki-ki-Tai, on the north-east coast of Aotearoa\/New Zealand, show that M\u0101ori developed a system of kumara cultivation based on the then recent Kaharoa volcanic eruption. The eruption in 1314AD covered what had formerly been dense conifer\/broadleaf forest in 300-500mm of ash. Upon returning to the district, M\u0101ori discovered 150 square kilometres with numerous small clearings, largely covered in bracken fern, amongst standing and fallen dead trees. The process of developing extensive inland gardens began around 1400AD. Prior to this, gardens had been small coastal plots. Possibly this change was stimulated by the growing population, and extensive inland gardens subsequently developed in Northland, Auckland, Taranaki and Waikato, all on volcanic soils. These soils were generally well-drained which suited kumara cultivation, unlike the majority of Aotearoa\u2019s soils which are clay or silt loams. So were the developments in Waiariki-ki-Tai a game-changer? Some of the techniques would have been used previously in the coastal gardens, but maybe others were based on the conditions found there after the eruption and later reused, with variations, elsewhere on other volcanic landscapes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Water Artefacts in Landscape Archaeology<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Terry Lustig, independent researcher<\/em>
Nick Wiggins, The University of Queensland, Australia<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I define a water artefact as a mark on the landscape resulting from human acquisition of, or human responses to water in the environment. Water might be said to be the most societal of artefacts in landscape archaeology: every society uses water, for nourishment, food production, food acquisition or transport; societies must strive to access water in short supply, and cope with water when there is too much. We feature water\u2019s aesthetic qualities in art and often endow it with religious significance. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inevitably, many human activities will leave water-induced marks on the landscape. Many of these can now be detected with lidar, which can even discern hydraulic changes that cannot be recognised when one is standing on a site. Interpretation of water artefacts can also sometimes lead to plausible hypotheses about the intentions of key actors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The expertise needed for studying water artefacts is readily available: a person with water engineering skills could examine an area to find human-induced changes to the flow of water, consistent with the technologies available at the time the marks were made, and from these interpret a likely sequence of events. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some uses of water artefacts will be illustrated from landscape archaeological studies in Cambodia. It will be recommended that water engineering subjects be given greater prominence in archaeological courses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In memory of Damian Evans, a pioneer of lidar in landscape archaeology<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Heritage-led Nature Recovery: Reconstructing the Past to Protect the Future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sander Aerts, Environmental Manager, Wessex Archaeology, UK<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Heritage-led nature recovery integrates historical, archaeological, and palaeoenvironmental data to inform sustainable land management and ecosystem restoration. By reconstructing past landscapes, biodiversity, and human-environment interactions, we gain valuable insights that shape effective restoration and conservation strategies. This paper highlights examples of work by Wessex Archaeology, demonstrating how the heritage sector can play a pivotal role in building a better future, with the past, current, and future environment at its core.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Archaeological sciences provide land managers with a palaeoecological toolkit to develop more resilient environments. The study of past landscapes reveals how ecosystems have responded to human activity over time. This knowledge supports adaptive strategies for habitat restoration, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable land use. Furthermore, integrating the historic environment into today\u2019s landscapes ensures that cultural heritage contributes meaningfully to future nature recovery efforts. The heritage sector also has a critical role in influencing stakeholders, using our research to shape policy, guide sustainable land use and ensure that we engage local communities effectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This paper examines the various ways in which heritage can contribute to nature recovery and proposes directions for future work to ensure that we drive positive change for a sustainable future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Archaeological Landscape: An Interpretation of Ancient Settlements in the Lower Montane Region of Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chulani Rambukwella, Professor of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The lower montane region of the central hills of Sri Lanka ranges from approximately 1000 to 3500 feet above mean sea level. The country yielded prehistoric evidence from at least from ca. 125,000 BP, while definitive evidence of modern humans is available from ca. 45,000 BP onwards. Archaeological and historical evidence shows the region has been thickly inhabited by humans since the early Holocene. The ancient chronicles describe the region as unsuitable for human settlement in comparison to lower agrarian plains that were considered more \u2018civilised\u2019 after the 3rd century BCE. The history of Sri Lanka is mainly studied in relation to agrarian plains and the montane region is considered as the \u2018periphery\u2019, though the region was a primary resource zone for natural products such as minerals, spices and other flora and fauna. Recent research has revealed the cultural continuity in the region from Prehistory to the modern period. It could be seen an organised sociocultural and political landscape with vast concentrations of archaeological sites along the river valleys and the vicinity. This research explains the geo-physical, environmental and socio-economic factors that led to concentrated archaeological sites that shaped the archaeological landscape as a specific techno-cultural zone of human adaptation in the lower montane region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Parramatta Sand Body: A Geoarchaeological Approach to Understanding Human-environmental Interactions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr Elle Grono and Rebekah Hawkins, Extent Heritage, Australia\u00a0<\/em>
Dr Amy Mosig Way, The University of Sydney; Australian Museum. Sydney, Australia<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Extensive compliance archaeological investigations over the past 40 years have identified clear patterns in the distribution and age of buried archaeological deposits across the Parramatta CBD in Dharug Country (NSW, Australia), particularly within the landscape of the Parramatta Sand Body (PSB). Through these investigations, the PSB has been demonstrated to contain significant cultural material dated to approximately 35,000 years ago and is an important archaeological landscape for understanding the late Pleistocene and changes that occurred into the Holocene. Due to the formation processes of the PSB, environmental data has been well preserved, offering a rare insight into the dynamic relationship between the environment and human settlement. Through the investigation of two sites in particular (Robin Thomas Reserve and Alfred Street Bridge) we illustrate the importance of applying geoarchaeological analysis to reconstruct past environments and to understand the context within which cultural material is situated. This conversation between the application of natural and social sciences can allow for in-depth understanding of deep time and how humans inhabited landscapes across long-term timeframes and in the context of changing environments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Developing Understandings of Landscape in the Bronze Age Aegean Through the Movement of Pebbles and People at Stelida, Naxos<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emma Lipsett, McMaster University, Canda<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2019\/21 excavation of the \u2018Minoan type\u2019 peak sanctuary of Stelida on Naxos (Cyclades, Greece) enabled scholars to uncover the character of Late Bronze Age ritualistic sites through the discovery of votive artefacts including figurines, cookware, and water-worn beach pebbles. The focus of our study, Stelida\u2019s peak sanctuary pebble assemblage, includes approximately 7000 pebbles. While these are consistent with peak sanctuary assemblages of Crete, a comprehensive analysis of pebbles has yet to be conducted in the Cyclades. The pebbles are votive objects dedicated by individuals worshipping at the site. The intentionality remains unclear; however, the act of dedication could have intended to evoke the power of nature and establish connections between landscapes. As first of its kind research, analysis of the pebbles so far has employed comparative geological and archaeological studies to reveal lines of connection between places, specifically beaches and Stelida. Detailed in this paper are the theoretical perspectives that ground this research, emphasizing how the interconnection of space and place with geology creates culturally symbolic and meaningful landscapes. This paper will establish a method of landscape archaeology that can be applied cross-culturally engaging with material, geology and theory to understand landscapes as locations of cultural and geological accumulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Exploraciones Arqueol\u00f3gicas en Llaqtapampa: Nuevos Datos Sobre la Presencia Administrativa<\/strong> Wari en la Puna de Ayacucho<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Archaeological Explorations in Llaqtapampa: New Data on the Wari Administrative Presence in the Puna of Ayacucho<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nils Ramiro Sulca Huarcaya<\/em>
Julio Sebasti\u00e1n S\u00e1nchez Garc\u00eda<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

El imperio wari, en su af\u00e1n de expandirse m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de los Andes Centrales, dej\u00f3 huellas de su influencia pol\u00edtica a su paso, como son los edificios que funcionaron como centros administrativos distribuidos por el litoral, la sierra y la amazonia del antiguo Per\u00fa. Estos centros controlaron los recursos y productos de determinados territorios, como el acopio de una gran variedad de fibras de cam\u00e9lidos que luego ser\u00edan trasladadas a la capital o llevadas a otros puntos del territorio wari. Este trabajo presenta alcances sobre excavaciones en Llaqtapampa 1 y el reconocimiento de superficie de Llaqtapampa 2, dos centros administrativos wari de la puna de Chipao (Ayacucho) que se habr\u00edan dedicado, a la crianza y al suministro de fibra y carne de cam\u00e9lidos. La posici\u00f3n estrat\u00e9gica de estos sitios desde tiempos wari conectar\u00eda los corredores de las tierras bajas y altoandinas, un escenario sociocultural poco problematizado en las discusiones arqueol\u00f3gicas hasta el momento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Wari empire, in its quest to expand beyond the Central Andes, left traces of its political influence in its wake, such as the buildings that functioned as administrative centres distributed throughout the coast, the mountains, and the Amazon of ancient Peru. These centres controlled the resources and products of certain territories, such as the collection of a wide variety of camelid fibres that would later be transported to the capital or taken to other parts of Wari territory. This work presents the scope of excavations at Llaqtapampa 1 and the surface survey of Llaqtapampa 2, two Wari administrative centres in the Chipao Puna (Ayacucho) that were allegedly dedicated to the breeding and supply of camelid fibre and meat. The strategic position of these sites since Wari times would connect the lowland and highland Andean corridors, a sociocultural setting that has been little discussed in archaeological discussions to date.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diverse Landscapes and Rock Art Distributions During the Holocene in Central-Western Santa Cruz (Southern Patagonia)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Francisco Guich\u00f3n, Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones; Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Antropolog\u00eda y Pensamiento Latinoamericano (INAPL)<\/em>
Anah\u00ed Re, Instituto Nacional de Antropolog\u00eda y Pensamiento Latinoamericano (INAPL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The human populations of Southern Patagonia developed various strategies related to social interactions and the circulation of information throughout the Holocene. One of the more notable material elements that allow us to approach these strategies is rock art, as it was used to mark and organise the landscape at different times. This work aims to contribute to the understanding of changes in these strategies from a broad-scale perspective, focusing on the characteristics of the spaces effectively chosen for rock art production. While there are other highly relevant factors, we understand that one of the aspects that guided the selection of these locations was the particular characteristics of their natural environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spatial analysis of more than 200 rock art sites in central-western Santa Cruz province, Argentina, is proposed. This analysis integrates information on production techniques and the estimated chronology of the rock art motifs with several characteristics of the natural landscape such as topography and geology, along with current environmental information used as proxy data (vegetation, humidity and snow cover indices, among others). The obtained results allow for the identification of several patterns in the distribution of rock art throughout the Holocene, reflecting changes in information circulation circuits.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Format: Paper presentations with discussion Convenors:  Macham Mangut, Ph.D Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, University of JosDepartment of History, Northwestern Universitymangutm@unijos.edu.ng; macham.mangut@northwestern.edu Bongumenzi Nxumalo, Ph.D Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Pretoria Department of History, Northwestern University Bongumenzi.Nxumalo@up.ac.za; bongumenzi.nxumalo@northwestern.edu Over the past couple of decades archaeology has reinvented itself multiple times, integrating new methods and theories, and branching across multiple […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1157,"featured_media":276,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":{"0":"post-6817","1":"page","2":"type-page","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"pmpro-has-access","7":"czr-hentry"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldarchaeologicalcongress.com\/wac10\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6817","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldarchaeologicalcongress.com\/wac10\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldarchaeologicalcongress.com\/wac10\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worldarchaeologicalcongress.com\/wac10\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1157"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worldarchaeologicalcongress.com\/wac10\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6817"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/worldarchaeologicalcongress.com\/wac10\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6817\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7162,"href":"https:\/\/worldarchaeologicalcongress.com\/wac10\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6817\/revisions\/7162"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worldarchaeologicalcongress.com\/wac10\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/276"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldarchaeologicalcongress.com\/wac10\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6817"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}